In economics, increases in the level of prices. Inflation is generally thought of as an inordinate rise in the general level of prices. Four theories are commonly used to explain inflation. The quantity theory, promoted in the 18th century assumes that prices will rise as the supply of money increases, refined, arguing that the prescription for stable prices is to increase the money supply at a rate equal to that at which the economy is expanding. A second theory, which assumes that inflation occurs when the demand for goods and services is greater than the supply. It calls for the government to control inflation by adjusting levels of spending and taxation and by raising or lowering interest rates. Another approach is the cost-push theory. It traces inflation to a phenomenon known as the price-wage spiral, in which workers’ demands for wage increases lead employers to increase prices to reflect their higher costs, thereby sowing the seeds of a further round of wage demands. A fourth approach is the structural theory, which emphasizes structural maladjustments in the economy, as when in developing countries imports tend to increase faster than exports, pushing down the international value of the developing country’s currency and causing prices to rise internally.